RAMAS DE LA FILOSOFÍA DE LAS DISTINTAS RAMAS DEL CONOCIMIENTO SEGUN LA ENCICLOPEDIA BRITANICA Y LA DE OXFORD                    Volver a Complementos

     Philosophies of the Branches of Knowledge

          Introduction

         Philosophy of science

•     NATURE, SCOPE, AND RELATIONS OF THE SUBJECT

•     HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

  •    Classical and medieval periods: the beginnings of a philosophy of Nature.  

  •    The Renaissance and after: from manifesto to critique.

  •    Through World War I: philosophy of classical physics.

  •    The 20th-century debate: Positivists versus historians.

•     ELEMENTS OF SCIENTIFIC ENTERPRISE

  •    Empirical data and their theoretical interpretation.

  •    The empirical procedures of science.

  •    The formal structures of science.

  •    Conceptual change and the development of science.

•     MOVEMENTS OF SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT

  •    Discovery and rationality.

  •     Validation and justification.

  •    Unification, pluralism, and reductionism.

•     PHILOSOPHICAL STATUS OF SCIENTIFIC THEORY

  •     Status of scientific propositions and concepts or entities.

  •     Philosophical analysis and scientific practice.

•     INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF SCIENCE AND CULTURE

          Philosophy of nature

• PHILOSOPHY OF PHYSICS

  •    Physics as a field of inquiry.

    •    Essential features.

    •    Historical sketch.

  •     Basic characteristics and parameters of the natural order.

    •     Framework of the natural order.

    •     Contents of the natural order.

    •     Modalities of the natural order.

    •     Levels of the natural order.

  •    Special problems in the philosophy of physics.

  •                          Problems at the formal level.

  •                          Problems at the quantum level.

  •                          Problems at the macrophysical level.

  •                          Problems at the cosmological level.

•   PHILOSOPHY OF BIOLOGY

  •   The range of topics.

  •   The nature of biological systems.

  •   Origin and definition of life.

  •   Viewpoints on the nature of life.

  •   Organisms as systems.

  •   Philosophy in evolution.

  •   Teleology and determinism.

  •   The species problem.

  •   Evolutionary theory.

  •   Evolution as a world view.

  •   Biology and ethics.

  •   The question of innate aggressiveness.

  •  Evolutionary ethics.

   Philosophy of history

      SPECULATIVE THEORIES

• The idea of an order or design in history.

• Theological origins.

• Secular approaches: the Enlightenment and beyond.

• The new science: Vico and Herder.

• History as a process of dialectical change: Hegel and Marx.

• Twentieth-century systems.

    ANALYTICAL PROBLEMS

• The concept of history.

• Explanation and understanding.

• Objectivity and evaluation.

• Conclusions.

   Philosophy of religion

      RELIGION AS A FACT IN HUMAN EXPERIENCE, CULTURE, AND HISTORY              

• The findings of psychology.

• The findings of sociology.

• The findings of the history of religions.

• The role of religion in culture.

     VIEWS WITH TRANSCENDENT REFERENCES

• Relation to an ultimate power or being, to values, or to ideals.

• Seeking salvation in a life beyond.

     VIEWS WITH ANTHROPIC REFERENCES

• Inner attitudes and dispositions.

• Behavioral discipline with prescribed practices.

• Participation in a social institution.

      THE VIEW FROM WITHIN AS PRIVILEGED

• THE DIMENSION OF RELIGION FOR INSIDERS

• The essence or core of religion.

• The subjective and objective aspects of religion.

• Effects of religious beliefs and practices.

• INTERNAL CRITICISMS OF RELIGION

• THE REJECTION OF RELIGION OR RELIGIOUSNESS

• Rejections on the grounds of alleged incoherence.

• lleged logical incoherence.

• Other grounds for the rejection of religion.

• Rejection of historical beliefs, practices, and institutions as spurious or irrelevant.  

• Rejection of religious sentiments or dispositions as valueless.

• Naturalistic or skeptical views of the origin and development of religion.                        

•   THE ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF RELIGION OR RELIGIOUSNESS AS VALID

•   Traditional justifications.

•                    Religion as pointing to an ultimate power, being, or value.

•                   Religion as producing wholesome spiritual or moral effects.

•   Alternatives to traditional beliefs, practices, and institutions.

•  The quest for authentic existence.

•   Secular religion.

•   Marxism.

      HISTORY OF THE PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION

        Developments in the West.

• Ancient and medieval concepts.

• Modern concepts.

        Developments in the East.

•   Buddhist concepts.

•   Confucian, Taoist, and Japanese concepts.

•  Hindu concepts.

•   Islamic concepts.

        East and West: common ground.

       BASIC THEMES AND PROBLEMS IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION

      The problem of God, the Absolute, or the supreme value.

• The existence of God.

• The nature of God.

• The knowledge of God.

      Special problems.

• Freedom.

• Self-identity and immortality.

• Evil and suffering.

  THE PRESENT SITUATION IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION

          Philosophy of art

               DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS

               THE INTERPRETATION OF ART

               THE MEDIUMS OF ART

                    Classifying arts by their mediums.

•   Visual art.

•   Auditory art.

•   Verbal art.

•   Mixed arts.

                    Differences in the arts related to mediums.

• Literary and nonliterary.

• The translation problem.

• The question of correspondence to actuality.

               ART AS IMITATION (REPRESENTATION)

•   Analysis of representation.

•   Subject matter.

•   Symbols in art.

•    Meaning.

               ART AS EXPRESSION

• Expression in the creation of art.

• The expressive product.

               ART AS FORM

• The formalist position.

• Formal principles in art.

  • Organic unity.

  • Complexity, or diversity.

  • Theme and thematic variation.

  • Development, or evolution.

  •   Balance.

               PRAGMATIC THEORIES OF ART

•    Hedonistic theories of art.

•   Art as a means to truth or knowledge.

•   Art as a means to moral improvement.

  • Moralism.

  • Aestheticism.

  • Mixed positions.

          Philosophy of logic

               LOGIC AS A DISCIPLINE

•   Nature and varieties of logic.

•   Features and problems of logic.

  • Logical semantics.

  • Limitations of logic.

  • Logic and computability.

               ISSUES AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF LOGIC

•   Meaning and truth.

•                          Logical semantics of modal concepts.

•                          Intensional logic.

•                          Logic and information.

• Problems of ontology.

•                          Individuation.

•                          Existence and ontology.

• Alternative logics.

               LOGIC AND OTHER DISCIPLINES

•   Technical disciplines.

  •  Mathematics.

  •   Computers.

  •   Methodology of the empirical sciences.

•   Human disciplines.

  •   Linguistics.

  •   Psychology.

  •  Law.

  •   Education.

         The nature of mathematics

               CRITICAL QUESTIONS

•   Types relating to numbers.

•   Types relating to geometry.

•   Nature of cardinal numbers.

•   Nature of ordinal numbers.

•   Cantor's infinite numbers.

•   The data of analysis.

               DEFINITION OF MATHEMATICS

•   Geometry.

•   Classes and relations.

               APPLIED MATHEMATICS

•   Selection of topics.

•   Existence of applied mathematics.

         Western philosophy of law

               PROBLEMS OF THE PHILOSOPHY OF LAW

• Various approaches.

•                          Analytical jurisprudence.

•                          Sociological jurisprudence.

•                          The theory of justice.

• Law, morality, and natural law.

               HISTORICAL SURVEY OF LEGAL THEORIES

•   The ancient world.

•                          Greek thought.

•                          Roman thought.

•                          Hebrew thought.

•   The Middle Ages.

•                          Augustine.

•                          Scholasticism.

•   The Renaissance period to the 18th century.

•                          Machiavelli.

•                          Natural law and social-contract theory.

•                          Judicial supremacy.

•                          Decline of natural law.

•                          "Idealism" and justice.

•   The 19th and 20th centuries.

•                          Analytical Positivism.

•                          Historical Positivism.

•                          Economic interpretations.

•                          Sociological jurisprudence.

•                          Revival of natural-law theories.

•                          Pure theory of law.

•                          Modern schools of realism.

               THE STATUS OF CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHY OF LAW

•                     Growth of the sociological school.

•                     The future of sociological jurisprudence.

          Philosophy of education

               COMMON ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT HUMAN LEARNING

•   Symbolization.

•   Human motivation.

•   Human capacity to learn.

•   Complexity of human learning.

•   Intellectual-emotional-physical-volitional integrity of learning.

               DIFFERING CONCEPTIONS OF EDUCATION

                    Model theories of the educated person.

• Platonic view.

• Thomist view.

• Lockean view.

• Naturalistic view.

• Marxist view.

• Pragmatist view.

• Behaviourist view.

• Existentialist view.

                    Areas of disagreement among educational theorists.

• Conceptions of what constitutes knowledge.

• Conceptions of how knowledge should be communicated.

• Conceptions of the purpose of education.

• Conceptions of uniform versus differential grouping.

• Conceptions of control and discipline.

• Conceptions of the need for competition and collaboration.

• Conceptions of the boundaries of formal education.

RAMAS DE LA FILOSOFÍA SEGUN LA ENCICLOPEDIA OXFORD DE FILOSOFÍA

             Volver a Complementos

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